Influenced by European idealistic socialist ideas, Le Corbusier's design works are clearly marked by such idealistic and utopian overtones, such as the design of a modern city of 3 million people, which breaks with the peripheral layout common in European cities since ancient times, emphasizing sunlight, greenery and air, and proposing the principles of zoning and traffic organization that have become the cornerstones of modern urban planning thinking today.
Le Corbusier (October 6, 1887 - August 27, 1965) was a French architect, urban planner, writer, and painter who was one of the most important architects of the 20th century. He was one of the most important architects of the 20th century.
Corbusier's most famous theory of architecture, the famous "Five Points of New Architecture" for his own residential design, are:
The ground floor is elevated: the main floor leaves the ground. The unique pillar makes the first floor empty.
Rooftop Garden: The garden is moved to the roof where the view is the widest and the humidity is the least.
Free planes: The location of the walls on each floor is determined by the needs of the space.
Long horizontal windows: Large openings to get a good view.
Free elevation: Each floor looks like a separate floor from the elevation and does not affect each other.
Houses designed in accordance with the "Five Points of New Architecture" are architectural features resulting from the adoption of a frame structure in which the walls are no longer load-bearing. Le Corbusier took full advantage of these characteristics and designed some residential buildings in the 1920s that were completely different from the traditional architecture. The Villa Savoy is a famous masterpiece.
Some of his designs were not accepted at that time and many of them were rejected, but these structures and design forms were later popularized and applied by other architects, such as apartments with floor-by-floor setbacks and exhibition halls with suspension structures, etc. He was a pioneer in many aspects of architectural design and had a very wide influence on modern He was a pioneer in many aspects of architectural design and had a very wide influence on modern architectural design.
01
Villa Savoy
▲ Villa Savoy
The Villa Savoy is considered to be Corbusier's most important masterpiece of the Purist period. The villa was built in 1928 and completed in 1929. It is located in Poissy, a suburb of Paris. The main part of the house (living room, kitchen, bedrooms, bathrooms) is located on the second floor, while the public services are located on the first floor in the parking lot, which can accommodate three cars at the same time.
The Villa Savoy is a perfect functionalist work, and even one of the most emblematic of Le Corbusier's architectural vision.
▲ Villa Savoy
When the villa was first designed, Corbusier's original intention was to use this simple, industrial approach to build a large number of low-cost homes for the common people. Parisians loved the house, which "gives a different impression from different angles," said T. Pormee, a French businessman: "I have never seen any other building that is so striking and evocative in its simple form. The Villa Savoy is characterized by a modal design - the result of Corbusier's study of mathematics, architecture and human proportions. This design method is now widely used; the simplicity of the villa's decorative style, as opposed to the tedious and complex decorations often used before; the pure coloring of the building's exterior, which is entirely white, a color that represents freshness, purity, simplicity and health; and its open interior design, which is dedicated to the design and production of furniture. The design and production of furniture. In addition, its dynamic and unconventional spatial organization, especially the use of spiral staircases and ramps to organize space; its roof garden, which is designed using the techniques of painting and sculpture; its garage - a special method of organizing traffic flow, which makes the garage and the building perfectly integrated, making it easy to park cars while intermingling the flow of cars and people; and finally, its sculptural design is the result of the work of Leroux. Finally, his sculptural design is a common design technique used by Le Corbusier, which often gives his works a sculptural feel.
02
Marseille Apartments
▲ Marseille Apartments
Built in 1945 in Marseille, France, it was the first large-scale residential project handled by Corbusier. As the urban population of Marseille increased after World War II, the French government invited the famous architect Corbusier to design a multi-family residential project for the post-war residents of Marseille, which was completed in 1952 and could accommodate 1,600 residents at the same time, and was a "vertical garden city" with shopping malls, playgrounds and living areas.
▲ Marseille Apartments
The Marseille apartment is a further example of Corbusier's "five characteristics of the new architecture", the building is supported by huge pillars that look like the four legs of an elephant, they are made of unprocessed concrete, known as rough concrete, which was the main technical tool used by Corbusier in his time. The rough appearance formed by the façade material contrasted with the all-white form of the post-war exterior that was popular and caused controversy among critics at the time, with some Swiss, Dutch and Swedish visitors even attributing the surface marks to the shortcomings of the material itself and poor construction techniques, but this was a deliberate effect intended by Corbusier, who tried to bring these "rough He tried to juxtapose these "rude", "spontaneous", "seemingly random" treatments with the fine detailing of the interior and modern construction techniques to create a strong aesthetic contrast. In fact, these specific terms, called "wrinkles" and "birthmarks", are the deposition of a historical phase, traces of history, and a microcosm of the human development process, describing the passage of time and the transience of time.
▲ Marseille Apartments
In designing the Marseille apartment, Le Corbusier used the humanist ideas of Renaissance Leonardo da Vinci to evolve a series of "modulus".
This "modulus" is based on the dimensions of each part of a man's body in a series of fixed ratios close to the golden mean, and he applies the "modulus" to determine all the dimensions of the building. The interior repeats the style of the façade, with slightly raised pebble finishes, brushed roofs, columns with rough concrete finishes, furniture in bold and strong colors, and several of Corbusier's designs, including the famous Villa Savoy, hanging on the wall in the foyer on the first floor, the Marseille apartment is now not only a dense residence, but also a place to remember and honor the master. The impression it leaves on people is not only a visual impact, but also a renewal of concepts. It awakens people from the tedious post-war life, away from the tedious work, the solitude of leisure, and the experience of community affinity, creating a state of life compatible with post-war life.
03
Lang Heung Church
▲Lang Heung Church
Located on a hill a few kilometers from the Swiss border, the church of Langham in the Haute-Saône region of eastern France has been a place of pilgrimage since the 13th century. The design of Langham Church has had a major impact on the development of modern architecture and is regarded as one of the most striking and representative buildings of the 20th century. It was designed and built in 1950-1953 by the French architect Corbusier, a landmark figure in modern architecture. The church is small in size, with a capacity of only 200 people, and a 10,000-person venue in front of the church for worshippers who come here on religious holidays. In the design of the church, Le Corbusier focused on the shape of the building and the feeling of the building form. He abandoned the traditional church model and the general approach of modern architecture, and shaped it as a concrete sculpture. The church has a strange shape and irregular plan; the walls are almost all curved and some of them are inclined; the tower-like prayer room is shaped like a granary; the heavy roof is rolled upward, leaving a 40-centimeter-high gap between it and the walls; the rough white walls are covered with large and small square or rectangular window openings with stained glass; the entrance is at the junction of the curled walls and the tower; the interior The main space is also irregular, with curved walls, and light is cast through the gaps between the roof and the walls and the large and small window openings studded with stained glass, creating a special atmosphere in the interior.
04
Swiss Pavilion, University City of Paris
▲ Swiss Pavilion, University City of Paris
Designed by Corbusier and completed in 1930-1931, the Swiss Pavilion in the University City of Paris is an apartment complex for Swiss students in Paris. The building consists of a single floor and a four-story concrete block.
▲ Swiss Pavilion, University City of Paris
The Swiss Pavilion in the University City of Paris becomes a perfect practice of Corbusier's modern architectural principles. The Swiss Pavilion is a building that embodies the five Corbusier Modern principles in every detail - the elevators are placed as close to the center of the plan as possible in order to enhance the suspension of the main body of the building over the supporting colonnade. The roof garden also reflects the idea of "giving back to the city while serving the residents. The three large openings provide a relatively open view of the roof garden, while exposing the structure of the building to the eye.
▲ Swiss Pavilion, University City of Paris
At the beginning of the design process, the request was made to accommodate the public functions on the ground floor, so Corbusier had to design a secondary building with a ground floor next to the elevated student apartments. This sub-building had to be designed in a different style from the main building, so we can see from this that the long windows of the five principles of the new building became horizontal partitions, which was the beginning of the change in Corbusier's personal style in the next twenty years. The Swiss Pavilion treats its surroundings more gently, with the structure on the ground floor concealed in greenery. The spatial aesthetic sought by Corbusier, while further developing his architectural principles in practice, makes the Swiss Pavilion a more lively structure than the Villa Savoy, and the whole design is closer to the city and the people.
▲ Swiss Pavilion, University City of Paris
05
Mollett Apartment House
▲Mollett Apartment House
Corbusier's own house in Paris was built in 1931-1934 by Corbusier and his cousin. He also built the world's first all-glass interior residence. Corbusier lived here for nearly 25 years from 1934 onwards. The apartment was also a studio designed by Corbusier for himself. It has three main characteristics: first, his façade system is a precise control of transparency; second, his entry system is a precise control of walking; and third, his equipment system is a precise assembly of function and poetry.
▲Mollett Apartment House
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